Qualitative Research Methodology Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Subjective Methodology - Research Paper Example While PC innovation offers a plenty of advantages in its application to police organization, I accept that it would be met with obstruction from the board, representatives, work force, and different gatherings included. The police organization has been utilizing their old schedules and frameworks for as long as decades; deserting those old schedules in return of new innovations may present trouble for certain individuals. It would require a great deal of exertion for the individuals required to unlearn what they have been accomplishing for a very long time, and afterward learn and receive another framework that would in the end supplant the old framework. Those troubles, difficulties, and protections must be appropriately tended to all together for the new framework to endure and get effective. At last, the conduct and disposition of individuals toward PC innovation is interceded by the implications and encounters they have with it. Individuals have both positive and negative conclus ions about utilizing PCs in police organization. Also, the job of PC innovation in their lives is dictated by their age, sexual orientation, class, and a whole arrangement of qualities and convictions. These qualities and convictions, when revealed, would yield a superior comprehension of their point of view and lead to the improvement of an E-Administration that is explicitly custom-made to suit their requirements. Considering the previously mentioned suppositions, a philosophy that would permit me to increase a profound comprehension of the subjects being contemplated is important. A technique that would uncover the bits of knowledge, convictions, and encounters of the individuals would work best for my investigation. Among all the subjective exploration strategies accessible, ethnography is the thing that I consider the most legitimate approach that would yield the essential information for my investigation. 2. Ethnography basically, ethnography tells the convictions, qualities, and perspectives of a specific gathering of individuals or culture about something. Fundamentally applied in human sciences and humanism, the use of ethnography has been stretched out in the zones of statistical surveying, business, and for all intents and purposes any gathering of individuals or culture where a comprehension of their convictions, encounters, and mentalities is required. Utilizing ethnography would reveal the discernment and assessment of the RAK Police about utilizing PC innovation in their organization. It would likewise uncover the implications they hold about innovation, which, thus, impacts their demeanor towards PCs. This would permit me to distinguish the likely reasons they have in maintaining a strategic distance from or tolerating the new framework. Ethnography would permit me to see examples of conduct that can be seen soundly and instinctively in a genuine setting. Their conduct towards the old framework would uncover the basic issues and restrictions. U nderstanding the issues of the old framework is valuable in planning the structure of the new framework. Their conduct towards the new framework, then again, would fill in as a proportion of their availability to acknowledge E-Administration. Ethnography, likewise, would uncover the overall standards that shape the view of the police organization about PC innovation. Standards allude to the convictions and qualities that a general public hold about something. With ethnography, the difficulties and protections which are established in the

Whose Shoes Would You Choose? A Comparison of Shakespeare and John Mayer :: Free Essays Online

Whose Shoes Would You Choose? A Comparison of Shakespeare and John Mayer â€Å"My love is strengthen'd however progressively feeble in appearing; I love not less, however less the show appear;† 1. These initial two lines of Shakespeare's poem #102 manage a part of affection he doesn't for the most part address: connections, or all the more explicitly, the possibility of a genuine, serious relationship. The relationship he discusses isn't a blooming sentiment, however a relationship that has reached the occasionally feared â€Å"comfort zone.† A fundamentally the same as thought is drawn nearer in John Mayer's â€Å"Comfortable†, in which the artist yearns for the solace of a past adoration. In these pieces, the two individual scholars examine the favorable circumstances to a relationship in this stage, and how here and there it's better than a fresher love. For what reason wouldn't these journalists favor those more up to date phase of affection, when everything is splendid and great and new? In the more up to date arranges, genuine clashes have not emerged and an individual's blemishes and idiosyncrasies haven't generally gotten an opportunity to surface yet, so wouldn't you will in general like the individual more? Possibly not. 2. This thought could maybe be contrasted with purchasing shoes. There's a sure degree of fervor with purchasing new shoes. They're all gleaming and clean, and it's a rush each time you put them on. You can hardly wait to show them off, to wear them with all the fixings. They become your top picks. And afterward, following a couple of long periods of wearing them, they get increasingly broken in, and keeping in mind that you may not rush to show them off, and they might be a little dirtier and less sparkly, they're much progressively unique to you, in light of the fact that these shoes have been places with you and have withstood numerous miles of strolling, hopping, running, whatever. They cause your feet to feel great, and that causes you to feel great, thus months after the fact, you're considerably increasingly excited at your favorable luck of discovering this extraordinary pair of shoes. The equivalent is valid for the connections portrayed in these two pieces. Shakespeare depi cts an adoration that has â€Å"grown ready like the summer.† to start with, he and his sweetheart rushed to flaunt their affection for one another, and revel in the freshness of everything. This is basic in new loves; the two included spend each conceivable moment together, and are continually singing the commendations of one another to others.

High Stakes

High Stakes Classes are saying farewell as its finally starting to feel like winter around here. Im done with yet another MIT Wednesday, consisting of setting my alarm for 9:30, blinking and realizing I slept for another hour, and feeling all right about it because I only had to be somewhere in the mid-afternoon. Its been a busier than usual couple of weeks though, with two exams last Wednesday, a paper due this past Monday, a French test yesterday morning, and a final assignment for something else due a few hours ago. I found a place to live this January when Ill be interning elsewhere for a railroad, and made a few other phone calls as well after running to Building 35 for a quiz. Ive since spent the balance of my evening learning about No Child Left Behind (for a public policy class), preparing for a little French presentation with a classmate in the language lab, meeting with a fellow EC resident and software developer to put the final touches on a fairly large departmental project (job #2), and chatting with my next-door neighbor (a senior) about his second-round job interview and how hopeful he is about landing the spot. Two other neighbors, also seniors, are busily finishing essays that took the back seat to microcontroller labs due over the past couple of days. One of them just stopped to enjoy a birthday cake that his girlfriend made for him in the kitchen (hes 22 today) while the other helped an army of hallmates soak him with cold water (its a hall tradition). And now theyre back working again. The interviewee and I just trekked down Main Street for a proverbial evening trip to 7-11 in the 30-degree weather weve figured out that milk is artificially cheaper there than at any area supermarket (not that Ive had a glass of milk since 1996 I mainly go for the walk and perhaps for some midnight ice cream instead). I have some documents to prepare in the morning for job #1, due technically at the end of the workday but with classes from 10-12:30, a student group meeting from 1-2, recitation from 2-3 and another recitation from 4-5, I probably wont have another chance. Its all right, because I love my job. Ive rediscovered waking up earlier than twenty minutes before class, and it feels pretty good besides, Im more productive in the morning when everyone and everything else is fast asleep, out of distractions way. I still have to do more assigned reading for public policy that was actually due for Tuesday, but, you know, I still manage to be a part of the discussions just fine. You see, Im probably one of the least academically swamped students on campus, and I wont have it any other way. The energy around here is palpable, and the best part is that I have the time to savor it. I have the time to screw around, the time to stop to think, the time (if I want it) to sleep well, the time to take off for a couple days (either for free or for some artificially-low price), and the time to remember when I, too, was being evaluated by Ben and Matt in selection committee and oh how much I wanted to come here! and now Im here, and its been two years since I got in and yes it took a little while but Id be lying through my teeth if I said things werent wonderfully amazing right now. :) I may not have seen a whole lot of point in making every single freshman (read: me) drag himself through certain classes he may not like (read [shock!]: math and physics!), watching him skin his knees in the process, and then if he trips a couple of times because hes hurt, kicking him while hes down. I think I made that clear last year. But it all makes sense now, because to succeed at MIT, you have got to self-advocate, even if that means looking past the obvious places for help. If you dont, you quickly become the weakest link, no matter how many times youve saved lives, circumnavigated the earth, or exhibited general MIT-like awesomeness. This shouldnt scare you almost everyone does just fine. Plenty of people come here and navigate those freshman classes with flying colors. Those subjects are precisely what they studied hard in high school, precisely the things theyve always been good at, precisely the stuff of their summer vacations, precisely the stuff that made them yearn for MIT in the first place. Thats why self-advocacy isnt enough: a lot of people dont even have to try. Me? Heck, I didnt even have a guidance counselor, I missed over fifty days of school each year since fourth grade, and I graduated in 2003 having only finished tenth-grade geometry. But I worked it all out, filled in the gaps, and hey, now Im doing just fine. I figured out how to make this place work for me, and you know what? Im pretty darn proud of that. Maybe some people just want to be good at everything, but I tend to pick and choose my battles. I value happiness and general well-being far too much to be a workaholic, and I value a connection to terra firma. I am acutely aware of the world on the outside, because college is not my entire life, and I am unwilling to let it be. I think that the world is a beautiful place and I still smile when I bump into friends in the Infinite, when I walk past 3-107 and peer in the window, when Im watching my neighbors through my doorway being incredibly awesome at three in the morning doing things I couldnt possibly print here, but most importantly, when I take a few steps back and realize my incredibly good fortune for being here in the first place. MIT is an exciting and fascinating place to spend your college years and its great that youre applying. But before you base all of your hopes on coming here, dont forget who you are and where you are headed as an individual. Because its you who makes you, not your college. It is you who will make a difference in the world your college will only help you along the way, giving you the tools youll need to forge ahead. Try to get some rest Friday night. :)

Leadership Is A Contact Sport - 1003 Words

Group Summary_Forum10 Introduction Leadership is a contact sport. As with any sport skills, best practices, and preparation are on constant display for both teammates and competitors to see. Leaders must hone specific characteristics and traits that give them the ability to earn the respect of those who would follow. In this paper the traits of courage, integrity, and growth will be expressed as important concepts in the development and maintenance of a leader. Group Consensus The three topics chosen were all considered important to the group members. With courage and integrity the two traits tend to go hand in hand. A leader with integrity will gain the trust of his or her followership while courage will inspire them and lead change. Dees describes the concepts of integrity and courage an â€Å"essence† of leadership and a unifying factor in all aspects of a leader’s life. (Dees, 2013) The third concept of growth and learning express the maintenance a leader must exemplify in their own personal journey. With growth and learning practices and techniques that provide a strategy for this maintenance. Biblical Integration In the book of Isaiah the prophet writes that â€Å"but they who wait for the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings like eagles; they shall run and not be weary; they shall walk and not faint.† Isaiah 40:31 (English Standard Version) In context, Isaiah express that the Lord will be the source of our courage and integrity and by â€Å"waitingShow MoreRelatedA Program Sports Program For The Junior Sport Camp Program1290 Words   |  6 PagesMini University camps began in 1979 as an outreach sports program. Their operations take place in Winnipeg at the University of Manitoba. In their first year of operations 990 children aged 4-18 participated in their 17 different sports camps. Since then, Mini U has grown. 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Introduction to Calculate Probability Areas With a Table

The Canadian Immigration Information Free Essays

Stage 1b: Gathering Information and Research Fact #1 (Write down one fact that you found that helps you to argue your specific political issue and helps to support your Party’s position on the political spectrum) Canada allows around 250,000+ immigrants into Canada each year. Comment on the above fact (make reference to your Party’s goals/political spectrum beliefs): That is a large number of immigrants entering Canada each year. Allowing so many immigrants into Canada each year is not fair to Canadians already living in Canada. We will write a custom essay sample on The Canadian Immigration Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now These immigrants are competing for jobs with Canadians. This can also increase the unemployment rate and many could lose their jobs. Immigrants have benefits to the economy too, but not when 250,000 + are entering each year. From those, 150,000 are skilled workers that can benefit Canada. The number of total immigrants must be brought down to around 130,000 – 150,000 a year. That way we give a chance for some skilled workers, refugees and others to enter Canada while saving jobs for Canadians. Of those 130,000 – 150,000 we will make sure that at least 80% (104,000 – 120,000) of these immigrants should skilled and educated workers that can benefit the Canadian economy and society. Others should be people who are desperately in need of a Canadian Citizenship or Permanent Residence cards. Therefore making sure people in the country are served in the highest quality while still giving foreigners a chance to experience life in Canada. Fact #1 Source: â€Å"Be Humane With Genuine Refugees, But Do Not Put Up With Fraud. † – Immigration Watch Canada. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 June 2012. . Fact #2 (Write down another fact that you found that helps you to argue your specific political issue and helps to support your Party’s position on the political spectrum) 0,000 students come to study in Canada every year on a temporary residence visa or a study permit. These students must be able to prove that they can pay for their tuition, have a clean criminal record, be in good health, and leave the country once they are finished. Comment on the above fact (make reference to your Party’s goals/political spectrum beliefs): Everybody has a right to learn w hether or not it is in Canada or not. As left winger we want to provide an equal chance for everyone to earn an education in Canada. We will encourage students from all around the world to come study in Canada. We would minimize the restrictions for students to come and study in Canada. For example, whether or not a person is sick should not hold their ability to be able to study in Canada. Foreign students bring a rich culture to our classrooms and their knowledge and skills should be welcome in our schools. Fact #2 Source: â€Å"Studying in Canada. † Studying in Canada. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 June 2012. . Fact #3 (Write down another fact that you found that helps you to argue your specific political issue and helps to support your Party’s position on the political spectrum) In Canada 27,852 refugees enter Canada out of the 250,000 that immigrate to Canada each year. Comment on the above fact (make reference to your Party’s goals/political spectrum beliefs): â€Å"Canada offers refugee protection to people in Canada who fear persecution or whose removal from Canada would subject them to a danger of torture, a risk to their life or a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. † If the number of immigrant into Canada decreases to 130,000 – 150,000 each year than at least 15% of these immigrants must be refugees. Refugees need help and are in desperate need of a place to stay. Letting around 18,000 – 20,000 refugees into Canada is a good amount and can save many people’s lives. These people have a right to experience freedom and peace in Canada. Therefore, refugees should be a big part of immigrants that enter Canada next to skilled workers. Fact #3 Source: â€Å"Refugees. † The Refugee System. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 June 2012. . ———————– Due Date: Friday, June 8th My Party’s Political Spectrum Position is: Left Wing The Political Issue I am responsible for is: Immigration How to cite The Canadian Immigration Information, Papers

Human Resource Management Perspective of Organisation

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management for Perspective of Organisation. Answer: Introduction Exclusive Foods Pty Ltd is a known retail brand having 17 stores operating in New South Wales, Australia. The company has created a brand image for itself by providing high customer service to the customers. Customers are offered with the finest quality food products along cookware, cookbooks, utensils and wine. However, the statistic data of the company indicates that the employees are dissatisfied with the remuneration and benefit structure that increases the turnover rate. This imposes a threat to the business of Exclusive Foods Pty Ltd and therefore the managers of the company decides to undertake new remuneration benefits in order to deal with the issues of high turnover rate. The new remuneration and benefits initiative helps the company to increase the satisfaction level of the employees that is further beneficial in decreasing the turnover rate of the company. Part 1: Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd employs remuneration strategy in which the employees are paid equally. The employees who have high performance are paid the similar salary package as that of the under-perform employees. The managers need to improve this area, as the employees are de-motivated and dissatisfied by the remuneration structure (Coginand Williamson2014). Moreover, there is less opportunity for the employees to develop their career as the company focuses only on the profit and not on its people. The flexibility is limited and there is no increase in the pay. The employees are not provided clear instruction about their allowance, penalties and leave. These factors create the opportunity for new remuneration and benefit initiatives. The operational expenses of the company are high that acts a hindrance for high remuneration packages (Grahamet al. 2013). The managers of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd needs to allocate the remuneration structure as per the performance of the employees or the company can keep the pay scalesame and offer incentives as per the performance level. The incentive benefits will motivate the employees to improve the productivity of the employees and thus help to retain more employees. The company needs to pay attention towards the employee needs and training opportunities need to be developed (Shieldset al. 2015). The link between the effort of the employees, their performance and the monetary rewards should exist in the company. 2: Plan feature Practice Target level of cash Assessed at a median market of the labour market of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd and gain the authority to set the prices. Salary and IC ratio 70% salary and 30% incentive Incentive plan structure The bonus indicates 80-85% of the target incentives and MBOs indicate 20-15% of the target. Prevalent measures The volume of total sales Profit Sales volume by line of business MBOs Performance 80% chances to achieve the organisational goals of the company Increase the satisfaction level of the employees. 2: The remuneration and the benefit plan of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd is compared with its competitors in order to ensure that the company is able to attract and retain the employees suitable for accepting the challenges of future remuneration and benefits offered by the company (Rees and Smith2014). From the analysis of the salary survey of the competitors of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd, it can be inferred that the companies offer better and attractive salary packages to its employees. The incentives offered to the employees are higher in number that provides job satisfaction to the employees. However, Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd does not offer the employees any such incentives for their performance that can help to increase the motivation level (Brattonand Gold 2012). Furthermore, the organisational policies of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd is almost related to the profit enhancement of the company and pays less concern towards the policies related to the staffs. The two positions withinExclusive Food Pty. Ltd that is chosen are the managers and the employees. The industrial agreement for the managers includes the consultation process, procedures for resolving the disputes and deducting the wages in case of any purpose authorised by an employee (Baconet al. 2013). The industrial agreement of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd includes the wage rates and the employment conditions of the company such as overtime, meal breaks and working hour of the employees. The awards of the company deal with minimum wage rate, annual leave, the hour of work, overtime and casual rates, allowance etcetera (Hendry2012). The market rate survey of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd infers that the company operate offers in a high competitive market. The managers of the company face competition from its rival organisations as the management system of the competitors are more developed from Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd. this causes a threat on the company's performance level. The employees of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd has higher level of competition as the employees in the rival company are more motivated and productive that increases their performance level than that of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd (Zareen, Razzaq and Ramzan 2013). Thus, Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd has the high level of competition in order to gain higher market share. The company needs to provide better remuneration structures to the employees to increase the employee productivity and the performance level of the company as a whole. 3: The remuneration plan of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd is to increase the incentive percentage offered to the employees. The current remuneration process of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd is not effective in providing satisfaction to the employees. Thus, the remuneration plan helps the company to develop better remuneration and benefit structure that helps to satisfy the employees and retain those employees (Young2016). Aligning the remuneration and benefit plan with the performance management system of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd helps to increase the performance and productivity of the company. The managers of the company are able to decide the exact percentile of incentive to be allowed to the employees and adjust the plan according to the need of the company. 2. The salary packaging of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd helps to meet the organisational policy such as ensuring that the workers are not exploited. The salary structure is kept consistent with the long-term strategy of the company. The transparency in terms of the reward strategy of the company is obtained with the help of the remuneration plan of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd (Plc 2013). The incentive arrangement such as the bonus and the promotion of Exclusive Food Pty complies with the organisational policy and the legal requirement of the company as the incentives make the employees feel valued. The operational and the employee benefit cost of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd is reduced with the help of the incentive arrangement. 3. The three pieces of legislation that Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd needs to make in order to make the regular monetary contribution are superannuation, concessional contribution and super guarantee contribution (SGC) threshold. The superannuation policy of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd is designed for the welfare of the employees. The employees make the regular contribution in the fund for the future pension. The fund amount increases typically without the implication of tax until withdrawn or retired. The concessional contribution indicates that the employees of Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd takes before-tax contribution to the fund, which has low tax rate. The super guarantee contribution (SGC) scheme indicates the maximum amount that the employee can contribute to the fund is $4826.75 per quarter. The three methods by which Exclusive Food Pty. Ltd can ensure that the minimum entitlement is offered to the employees are registering to NES, pay rates and leave. The National employment standards (NES) under the fair Work Act 2009, provides minimum entitlements such as flexible working arrangements, maximum weekly hours of work and much more (Oke 2016). The pay rate helps to measure the minimum wage, penalty rates, and overtime etcetera. The employees are entitled to certain limited leaves such as the annual leave, sick leave, public holidays, long service leave, maternity leave and other few leave. 4: The remuneration plan of Exclusive Food Pty can be effective in achieving an effective alignment between the action of the employees and the companys objectives. The managers are able to retain the potential employees of the company and the employees are able to receive a stake in the success of the company. The remuneration plan of Exclusive Food Pty also acts as an effective cost-control mechanism which is an extra benefit (Purce 2014). As per the feedback from the managers, the ratio of the salary and the incentive is changed and made into 60%-40% ratio. Along with the incentive benefits, the introduction of performance-based promotion is made that allows the employees to develop and grow by increasing their performance level. In order to keep a constant track on whether the plan remains aligned with the organisational policy and legal requirement, it is necessary for the managers to receive and give proper feedback to the employees. Conclusion The above study highlights that the new remuneration strategy of Exclusive Food Pty will help the company to increase the satisfaction level of the employees and thereby decrease the turnover rate. The productivity of the employees can be increased with the introduction of the new remuneration plan. However, the organisational policies and the implementation impact needs to be looked over for the success of the plan. References Hendry, C., 2012.Human resource management. Routledge. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Oke, L., 2016. Human Resources Management.International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ ISSN 2356-5926,1(4), pp.376-387. Zareen, M., Razzaq, K. and Ramzan, M., 2013. Impact of employee retention on performance: the moderating role of employee psychological perception towards retention plan.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business,4(10), p.822. Plc, D.P., 2013. Remuneration Policy and Practice.Policy. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., Robinson, J., O'Leary, P. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Graham, J.R., Hanlon, M., Shevlin, T. and Shroff, N., 2013. Incentives for tax planning and avoidance: Evidence from the field.The Accounting Review,89(3), pp.991-1023. Rees, G. and Smith, P. eds., 2014.Strategic human resource management: an international perspective. Sage. Cogin, J.A. and Williamson, I.O., 2014. Standardize or customize: The interactive effects of HRM and environment uncertainty on MNC subsidiary performance.Human Resource Management,53(5), pp.701-721. Bacon, N., Wright, M., Ball, R. and Meuleman, M., 2013. Private equity, HRM, and employment.The Academy of Management Perspectives,27(1), pp.7-21. Young, J.D.A., 2016. Evaluating Key Factors of Innovation as a Corporate Strategy.The International Journal of Business Management,4(4), p.270.

Spanish Verb Book Essays - Parts Of Speech, Spanish Verbs

Spanish Verb Book Present Tense The following section will be the present you are implying that the action is occurring at the present time. For example: Joseph reads the book. The reads in the sentence shows that Joseph is in the process of reading the book. Regular AR Infinitives acabar (de) to come after acompa?ar to accompany admirar to admire ayudar to help bailar to dance bajar to go down brillar to shine buscar to look for caminar to walk cantar to sing cenar to have supper chupar to suck cocinar to cook colabarar to collaborate coleccionar to collect comenzar to start comprar to buy conservar to conserve contestar to answer dar to give dejar to leave descansar to rest dibujar to draw doblar to turn ense?ar to teach entrar to enter escuchar to listen esquiar to ski estudiar to study evitar to avoid explicar to explain fascinar to fascinate formar to farm ganar to win gustar to like hablar to speak interesar to interest lavar to wash limpiar to clean llegar to arrive llevar to take mirar to look at neccisitar to need observar to observe olividar to forget pagar to pay for participar to participate pasar to spend time patinar to skate pesear to wish practicar to practice preguntar to ask preparar to prepare prestar to lend programar to program quedar to be located regresar to spend money renunciar to renounce respetar to respect sacar to take out tomar to take trabajar to work viajar to travel visitar to visit Canta muy bien. She sings very well. Hablo espa?ol, I speak Spansh. ?Poder ayundo tu? Can I help you? ?Te viajar? Do you travel? viajar - to travel cantar - to sing ayudar - to help hablar - to speak viajo viajamos canto cantamos ayudo ayudamos hablo hablamos viajas --- cantas --- ayudas --- hablas --- viaja viajan canta cantan ayuda ayudan habla habla hablan Regular AR's are the most common of all verbs, to use them, remove the ar ending and insert the appropriate ending on the chart: o for i ___, as for you ___, a for he/she ___, amos for we ___, an for they ___. You can also use the following chart for the respective endings. Singlar Plural o amos 1st Person as --- 2nd Person a an 3rd Person Irregular AR's dar to give estar to be Da el perro Mike. He gives the dog to Mike. Yo quiero a estar un abogado. I want to be a lawyer o for singular Ella est? mi amiga. She is my friend. Yo doy t? este carro. I give you this car. estar - to be dar - to give estoy estamos doy damos estas --- das --- esta estan da dan Irregular AR's truly have no rule, to use them you must learn the specific way each is conjugated. See the conjugations above. AR Stem-Changers (e - ie) cerrar to close empezar to begin nevar to show pensar to think (about) recomendar to reccomend Pieso el dinero. I am thinking about the money. Cierra el libro. He closes the book. Ellos empiezan a leer. They begin to read. Yo recomiendo el pollo. I recommend the chicken. pensar - to think cerrar - to close nevar - to show empezar - to begin pieso pensamos cierro cerramos nievo nevamos empiezo empezamos piesas --- cierras --- nievas --- empiezas --- piesa piensan cierra cierran nieva nievan empieza empiezan The AR stem-changers (e - ie) are a type of verb. To conjugate them you simply change the last e in the stem (which means all the parts of the verb but the ar ending) to an ie, then you remove the ar ending and add the appropriate ending. However there is one exception, in first person plural you do not change the e to an ie, you leave the stem as it is before changing. You can follow the rule below. Singlar Plural (e - ie) o (e - e) amos 1st Person (e - ie) as --- --- 2nd Person (e - ie) a (e - ie) an 3rd Person AR Stem-Changers (o - ue) almorzar to have lunch costar to cost encontrar to find recordar to remember volar to show jugar* to play * jugar is a unique verb, it is treated as the o - ue verbs are, but with a u - ue. Muestras mi tu trabajar. Show me your work. Cuesta muchos dinero. It costs much money. Juego el partido. I play the game. Encuentran un amigo. They find a friend. mostrar - to show costar - to cost volar - to show jugar* - to play muestro mostramos cuesto costamos vuelo volamos juego jugamos muestras --- cuestas --- vuelas --- juegas --- muestra muestran cuesta cuestan vuela vuelan juega juegan The AR stem-changers (o - ue) are a type of verb. To conjugate them you simply change the last o in the stem (which means all the

The healthcare reform debate

The healthcare reform debate The health care reform debate has continually heated up in the recent years among various interest groups, government officials, the House and the Senate and the media. This debate is of different interests to different interest groups as some look into the long term benefits where as others are profit-driven at the expense of the public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The healthcare reform debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More HR 3962: The Affordable Health Care for Americans This bill was crafted by the House of Representatives in November 2009 but later on December, 2009 the Senate passed a substitute bill, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which was later abandoned for the Healthcare Reconciliation Act of 2010. List of recommendations by interest groups A group of health policy experts, health insurance executives, business leaders, economists, hospital administrators among other experts held several workshops to discuss health care reforms in a forum known as the Fresh-thinking Project and came up with the following recommendations; Change the existing fee-for-service payment to a system that promotes and rewards improvement in the well-organized provision of quality care and put in the expansion of outcome, procedures to direct payment. Payments ought to be allied to improving patient products, reducing racial and further inequalities in outcomes, mounting effectiveness, and restraining the growth in the cost of care. Consequently connecting payment to outcomes will necessitate constant investment in the regular growth of outcomes measures (Terry, 1). There is a need to pool a risk and therefore exchanges both regional and state to guarantee the Americans without access employer based insurance or any other type of insurance is enabled to obtain an average benefits package. Employers are also supposed to also be permitted to play a part in these exchanges designed for their e mployees coverage. Typically, underwriting individual and small group insurance firms do not perform well due to risk selection. Therefore in order to reduce poor selection there should be compulsory coverage for standard benefits and risk accustomed payments on the part of the exchanges. These mandates ought to be matched with mechanisms that ensure adequate participation of those qualified to avoid the buildup of just the high-risk people in the exchange. These mechanisms should include considerable subsidies, probably joint with enforceable directives. It is also important to recognize the efforts of the employers in their employees’ coverage. According to the experts revenue source which includes a cap on the tax exemption which touches on employer-based insurance to support health care should be implemented to insure all Americans. There are tens of millions and budding numbers of Americans who are not insured and approximately 70% of these Americans cannot afford to pay for their insurance (Jost, 1). Consequently, more savings should be mobilized to insure all Americans like passing on accessible health income or levying tax on tobacco. President Obamas new health care reform and the recommendations The health care reforms recommended by Obama is meant to radically reform the insurance market by barring pre-existing stipulation, eradicating underwriting which is founded on gender, education, occupation or health status. It will also provide a guideline on the crucial benefits that the insurance plans must cover, to improve transparency and insurance disclosure. Therefore his reforms to some extend will concur with their recommendations because it is going to create a national health insurance exchange where every new non-group policies will be put up for sale and make insurance accessible for employees of small and possibly even the large employers. The exchanges should raise competition and reduce the rising administrative costs so as to reduce overall costs and enhance accountability. As a way of insuring all the Americans the Obama reforms if legislated would oblige employers with payrolls above $500,000 annually to grant health insurance to their insurers or forfeit a penalty (Jost, 1 and alternatively majority will be insured through House leadership. It will as well recognize small businesses who have covered their staff by granting them tax credits. However, this idea has not been welcomed by many business owners. Similarly, many people look at it as a means of making those who are well off to pay taxes for the poor.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To raise money to cover such people, reforms are proposing taxation of medical device manufactures because this is likely to offer the government about $20 billion. The senate bill intents to reach or raise $40 billion from the device makers. However, this m ay be difficult because national lobbyists for the industry on the other hand are favoring reconciliation to the lower amount and therefore this could increase lobbying. The health care reforms proposed by president Obama’s administration have both losers and gainers and therefore everyone is pulling their side so that they will not be affected negatively (Terry,1). The insurers feel that the reforms do not favour them whereas other stakeholders and interest groups feel that this will affect delivery system as well as ensure almost all Americans have access to healthcare. Children’s hospitals on the other hand feel that they will have more to lose as a result of the reforms than full-service hospitals. I think in the long run all these reforms will work out to the advantage of all Americans if the end result actually moves America closer to sustainable healthcare system. Jost, Timothy. HR 3962: The Affordable Health Care for Americans; health affairs blog Act. 2009 â €“ July, 27, 2011 https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20091030.002649/full/ Terry, Ken. â€Å"Interest Groups Redouble Fight on Healthcare Reform† 2009 July, 27, 2011 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/interest-groups-redouble-fight-on-healthcare-reform/Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The healthcare reform debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Concert report - Essay Example I think it is important for me to recognize what the limited amount of knowledge led to with my expectations with the concert as well as hesitations which were noted before going because of my misunderstandings of the concept of Celtic music and what the concert would entail. When I went to this concert, the only understanding was based on the ability to listen to cultural music which I had only limited introduction to in the past. Sound The sound of the concert was inclusive of four members which led the Celtic music. This included the flute and concertina, bouzouki, guitar and banjo, fiddle and finger style guitar. The four individuals changed the instruments, depending on the tune and the needed settings for both harmony and melody. This was followed by the interchanges which were heard with singing and rhythmic options that were used with some of the dance pieces. The sound and the interaction with the different instrumentation provided the basis for the experience and allowed th e expressions to be easily heard within the different pieces of music. I noticed that the banjo and finger style guitar were used for fast moving chords while the guitar was more often used for the chord structures. The banjo would also sometimes be used for melodic lines. The other instruments interchanged with melodies, specifically between the flute and the fiddle. The sound which was heard was not only based on the basics of the instrumentation, but also the complexities which were heard with some of the pieces. The songs which intrigued me most were the Celtic dances which were played. These were difficult in nature, not only with the individual lines but also with the entire group. My interest was set on the finger picking guitar because of the fast lines and movements made to keep the harmony and rhythm with the other players. I was also intrigued with the flute and violin which often played difficult passages at fast paces and in unison. This particular style is one which I believe would be difficult to play. However, the melodic line was never lost and the rhythmic pace continued with the dance style which allowed the sound of the Celtic music to be a main part of the tune. The other intriguing part of the sound which I was drawn to was the other side of the rhythm, harmony and melody. The folk tunes and ballads which moved at a slower pace were refreshing to listen to and provided a sense of relaxation. The words from the main melodic lines as well as the melodies held by the flute or violin were simplistic; however, they were also soothing and had a comforting effect when listening to the different sounds. The harmonies added into this, specifically with the guitars that held the chords or picked the different sounds as well as the background sounds which moved through the harmonies. While these weren’t complex in nature, the ability to capture the sound and to create an expression of the culture added a magical tone to the concert. The music ians made these ballads seem like there was a reminiscing over an older culture and expression which was often not a part of contemporary society. Setting The place for the Celtic music, at the UU Church, was one which at first didn’t seem comfortable for the Celtic music. The four instrumentalists were at the front stage, usually where the preacher is, and had an organ that was in back of them.

Implementation and Modification IP 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implementation and Modification IP 4 - Essay Example This report gives an account of the effectiveness of the Medicare program and provides a futuristic approach towards the program and systems of implementing the changes (Moon, 2006). The topic "Strengthening and Improving Medicare" elicited various views from both public and private entities and individuals. The congressional subcommittee of health held a forum for persons of concern to give their witness accounts on the topic. Some of the prime witnesses who stood before the subcommittee include among others, Robert Berenson, the senior consultant officer at Academy Health, Foster, Richard, Buddy Robert, a beneficiary of the Medicare + Choice health plan and Grealy, Mary, the President of Healthcare Leadership Council. All these witnesses gave individual accounts of the success of the current Medicare system and gave recommendations on ways of improving it. According to Berenson, the well-established and effective Medicare program is being replaced by the Medicare + Choice program, which shifts focus from the government provided healthcare to private health insurance. There is no evidence to prove that shifting to such a system will reduce the program’s expenditure or improve on its financial position. The only entities to benefit from the new program will be private health insurance institutions, which will only serve to segment adversely the insurance pool and increase costs of maintaining the traditional program. Through her statement, Grealy, advocates for the introduction of a prescription drug benefit to boost the financial as well as healthcare quality of the Medicare program. According to the Healthcare Leadership Council (HLC), the 50 percent increase from $6,200 to $9,500 in cost of Medicare for one beneficiary by the year 2013 will have no significant improvement in the program’s quality of an outpatient prescription drug coverage is not included in the program. The HLC advocates for the establishment of a Medicare delivery module that incorporates the aspects of competition, flexibility and invests in beneficiaries who have consumer choice power. Through such a measure, Medicare would be able to provide similar benefits to employer-sponsored programs, which offer benefits such as outpatient prescription drugs, the ability to choose a health program that best suits individual needs and reduce out-of-pocket costs and. The Medicare + Choice plan reduces the number of services offered to Medicare beneficiaries because it receives lower payments than the previous fee-for-service Medicare program. Through this, the Medicare + Choice plan has increased beneficiary cost sharing, which squashes the chance of fair competition in healthcare provision (CEC, 2003). Robert Buddy, a beneficiary of the Medicare + Choice health program gave his account of the benefits of the Medicare Program and the Medicare + Choice plan, which he joined after the privatization of the Medicare program. According to Robert, the Medicare program did not offer comprehensive benefits thus had to spend at least $2,000 on a Medicare Supplement policy to gain more healthcare benefits. Emphasis of the Medicare + Choice plan is early detection and treatment, which affords better healthcare to its beneficiaries. Robert recounted the case of his father, who was on the Medicare prog

Model Driven Development Vs Test Driven Development Computer Science Essay

Model Driven Development Vs Test Driven Development Computer Science Essay Model driven development is a top-down, traditional approach that has been around for a long time. Test Driven Development (TDD) is a bottom-up, new approach in the sense that it has picked up its value in the recent years. The focus of MDD as the name implies is on the models rather than on code that guides the development of software whereas focus of TDD is on the tests. There have been several changes to MDD since the beginning to deal with the changing environment and complexities raised by projects. TDD started as a part of extreme programming (XP) methodology and has gained popularity among many developers as a separate practice itself. Traditional, hard cored MDD developers are accustomed to developing software that seems more natural to them considering it to be an Engineering approach. TDD developers approach the problem in a totally different perspective concentrating on customer views of the system. There are advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. For a high qual ity software product that meets the goals of the organization, it is important to understand and apply the most suitable methodology while making certain trade-offs if necessary. The best approach to follow depends on several factors including the type of organization, type of project, and experience the developers have. This paper is aimed at explaining Model driven and Test Driven development along with case study and observations. 1. Model Driven Development or MDD. Model can be precisely defined as â€Å"a description of a system from a particular perspective, omitting irrelevant detail so that the characteristics of interest are seen more clearly†. (Source: Patterns: Model-Driven Development Using IBM Rational Software Architect) Consider an example in which there is a pressing business need such as automation of certain processes and understanding the data collected in the business. In this situation a Business exists and there are people who are performing certain business activities in certain way. These are the people who are thinking of having a tool or a software product to help them increase their productivity and their functionality. These people who are called Domain Experts or Subject Matter experts or Business Experts know what they want. However, they currently do not have any software product that will help them to meet their needs. In this situation Domain Experts are the driving force. They do things in a certain way and expect the software product developed for them meet their needs should also do things in that manner. However, they do not know how a new software product will look like and how it will help them to meet their needs. People who develop this software product understand the needs , but they may miss the intricacies of the desired end product. Building a MODEL will help alleviate this situation. A MODEL can be a diagram, an animation or a presentation. If the Software that has to be developed is very small or involves 1 or 2 people, then the process need not be so much structured, even though it helps. However, while developing a large product which will involve tens or hundreds of people having different expertise, model will help them to accomplish this easily. A new product development building a Model is absolutely necessary. This is analogous to a civil Engineer creating a model of Building before it is actually built. Model Driven Development (MDD) is a methodology that focuses on designing models at an abstract level without considering the implementation details that guide the development process, focusing on one part of the system to manage complexity. Models help to analyze the problem and visualize the process. Most commonly used language for this purpose is Unified Modeling Language (UML). It establishes certain vocabulary and structure so as to understand and communicate between various developers. Artifacts are produced from the models, so the models are machine-readable, which is an important aspect of MDD. MDD is also called as â€Å"Model Driven Engineering†. An implementation of MDD is given by Object Management Group (OMG)s Model Driven Architecture (MDA). Focus of MDA is on forward engineering, i.e. creating code from modeling diagrams. Apart from MDA, there are also other views of MDD such as Domain Oriented Programming, Agile Model Driven Development, etc. MDA uses platform-independent model (PIM) to describe the system functionality as the first step. Platform Independent Model (PIM) is a generic way of representing the end view of the product without considering any technology or platforms going to be used. This model just transforms the Business requirements into a Model. This format does not contain any particular software code but shows the end state of the product in one of the Model development modes such as Diagrams, Flow Charts, and Animations etc. Based on the PIM and considering some economic conditions or availability, a proper platform is selected to develop the software. A model is then converted from PIM to platform specific model or PSM. . This contains software code at a higher level. Platform is a loose word in this context. This can be referred to type of hardware, software, operating system, programming language or combination of any of these put together. That is why choosing a platform is related to economic viability also. PSM can be thought of Developers model where as PIM can be thought of Domain Experts or End users model. UML representation using IBMs Rational Rose can be considered as PIM. Whereas, tools like IBM WebSphere Studio and Borland Together/J are used for developing PSM. In these, we have CODE VIEW and MODEL VIEW. These two views are synchronized together. When code is changed in Code View, it is reflected in the Model View and vice versa. The models may contain fixed and variable data, business requirements, presentation elements (forms, reports). If one of these elements changes, they can be incorporated into the model to see the changes that occur due to interdependencies. Based on the affects, all the other depending code can be changed accordingly to accommodate these changes. Models also describe what is called the Gap Analysis. Models are first built with an Ideal situation, but in reality the business processes and other aspects may be different. Therefore, the models will show the difference between the Real Life situation and the End State Ideal situations. This will help the Business units to define the changes in Business Practices or the Developers to meet the Business needs and bridge the gap. A well defined Structured System Analysis and Design (SSAD) is required to develop software based on Models. In this process, the design (Model) is taken as the basis to start with the development and as the development process is advanced, it is analyzed with the design and tested against the Model and re-visited to meet the requirements. Hence, software development using MDD approach requires Domain (Business) experts, software developers, Team leaders and Integration experts. Someone should also be able to play a Liaison role to understand both sides of the table Business side and Software side. This person will help each of the expert groups to understand the needs of other groups and will bridge the gap. Number of iterations in the project development process will be reduced drastically if this Liaison person has good knowledge and is an expert on both sides. MDD is used with many development processes such as waterfall model, iterative model, spiral model, etc. In MDD approach, a model plays an important role and forms the basis or driving mechanism to develop a software product. Test Driven Development: Test Driven Development (TDD) started its roots in Extreme Programming (XP) approach. Later on, it became a popular method by itself. TDD was originally called â€Å"Test First Programming†. TDD can best be described in three words as â€Å"Red-Green-Refactor† (source: Kent Beck). Simple essence of TDD is to write tests before the code is written. First, unit tests are written from the requirements. These tests will definitely fail because the code for it has not been written. In order to write the tests, it is necessary for the developer to understand the requirements well. Then, code that implements the test cases is written. The code that is written should be just enough so that the tests pass, no more, no less. This means that no prediction about the future story must be made. Test driven approach is â€Å"then there† approach. This means that code is written at that time from the user story requirements without making any assumptions or predictions about fu ture. After writing the code, the tests are run and seen if they succeed. If they do, then programmer can be assured that the requirements were met. After this, a process called refactoring is done. This refers to improving the quality of code and removing any duplication in the code. If the design is changed for the better, the developer can be sure he is not breaking any functionality by running the tests again. This process is repeated for the test cases that follow. This process is shown as a flowchart below: Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development There are different issues to consider in this process. Test cases are written taking small steps at a time, such as implementation of one method. It is important to know the size of the test case and when the test case exceeds its limit of functionality to test. A test case contains the following: condition that specifies the systems state, an event that is to be tested, and finally systems state after the event has occurred. Almost every language has associated tools for writing these tests. In general, they are XUnit tests available for each language. For example, java has JUnit, C++ has cppUnit, .Net has NUnit, etc. The amount of designing that has to be done in TDD depends on developer. In Extreme Programming, no designing is done, directly jumping to test cases. However, some developers prefer to spend some time on design. Too much time should not be spent on the designs and deciding on that right amount of time to spend on it comes with experience. As suggested by Dave Chaplin, it takes almost a year for a good developer to learn most of the techniques in TDD. He divides the learning process in three stages. First stage would take three months to master writing the tests correctly. TDD is a totally different approach to take in developing software and most developers believe that hardest part about it is getting used to it and thinking in that direction. It takes another six months to learn about Mock objects. Last would be to be able to draw UML diagrams in a TDD perspective. This takes about three months. Those that become familiar with TDD find many advantages in it. These advantages are explained later in the paper. Pair programming is considered one of the best ways to develop a program using TDD. This is because another person can make sure you are going in right path. It is hard to make developers believe that this approach works. Also, management believes that it is a waste of money to make two people work on one feature while they can work on different features. Through test driven development, the focus is on customers requirements. TDD is now part of many other methodologies, such as Scrum, Agile Unified Process (AUP), and Rational Unified Process (AUP). TDD gives confidence to the developer and produces enthusiasm as they can see parts of the program coming together when they run the tests and see them pass. Case Study: Results of TDD and MDD are seen more effective by example. Therefore, I consider a case in which a Software Engineering class was given a choice of either doing MDD or TDD project. The projects were done for the same problem using different approaches. It was a calendar program that consisted of certain functionalities to fulfill. For TDD people, six user stories were given one after another without knowing what the next user story is. MDD people were given a problem definition and they were to submit GUI, design, code, tests at regular intervals. The functionalities that had to be implemented included finding the following: next date, previous date, zodiac sign, day of the week, next Friday the 13th, number of shopping days left until Christmas. These were each given as a user stories to TDD people. From the results of these, the following statistics were made: Model Driven Development approach results Criteria MDD User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5 User 6 Time To Code (hrs) 8 52 89 8.67 11 17 Time to Test (hrs) 2 15 13 3 3.3 2 NCSS (non comment source statements) 275 600 692 499 280 Number of Test Cases 109 142 51 Technology Used VBA Java Java (using Eclipse) C#.NET VS2008 C# VS Express C# Decision Complexity 79 59 Referential Complexity 26 52 Cyclomatic Complexity 105 111 83 GUI yes yes yes yes yes yes Test Driven Development approach results Criteria TDD User 7 User 8 User 9 User 10 User 11 User 12 User 13 User 14 User 15 User 16 User 17 User 18 Time to code 16.5 22 17 33 28 13.5 33 19.5 33 15 28 12.75 NCSS(non comment source Statements) 349 397 276 654 240 233 1095 279 196 298 328 277 Test cases 150 84 124 70 107 247 112 88 262 56 889 128 Technology C#.NET VS2008 Java Java Java VB.Net Express C VB .Net VBA Java Java VB.NET Java Decisional Complexity 106 66 76 76 97 115 62 57 77 145 81 Referential Complexity 12 43 40 24 24 34 19 102 9 160 29 Cyclomatic Complexity 118 109 117 100 65 121 149 81 159 86 115 110 GUI no no no no yes no no no no no No no Number of Times Refactored none 1 2 none 5 none 5 4 6 1 1 3 Observations: Even though there were almost twice as many people who did TDD as MDD, certain trends can be seen from the statistics. Since majority of the projects were developed using object oriented technology such as Java and C#, most of the observations are made based on these languages only. First and major difference that can be seen is creation of GUI. Only 1 out of 12 TDD people developed GUI while all of the six people who did through MDD developed it. One of the reasons for this is that in MDD, designing of GUI was first part of the task. In TDD, although there are tools that test a user interface, it is hard to obtain them and so user has to manually test them. Since it wasnt part of the requirement also, many had chosen to omit it. I noticed that neatest and well designed code came from most of MDD people. Even though there is refactoring in TDD, many had chosen not to do it. This can be seen by the statistics that 6 out of 12 people have either not done refactoring at all or did it only once. As research suggests, TDD is supposed to lead to high quality code. However, most of TDD projects code was of less quality. This comes to the point that in order to successfully carry out TDD, experience is needed. The lack of experience that most people had in doing a TDD might have been a factor for such quality. Many of TDD people had no experience in TDD methodology including me. As suggested by Dave Chaplin, in order to carry out TDD effectively, minimum one year of learning the techniques involved in the approach is needed for a good developer. Even though the quality and design is neater in MDD, number of lines of code was much less in TDD than MDD projects. In object oriented languages such as Java and C#, MDD projects had lines of code as 518 on an average while TDD projects had 350. This is partly due to refactoring eliminating unnecessary conditions and mostly due to the reason that since code was developed based on test cases, just about enough code that was necessary was written. Since the whole point of TDD is to start out with test cases, TDD projects have more test cases compared to MDD projects. For object oriented languages, TDD tests were 124 on average while MDD was 100. Although theory says that TDD results in highly cohesive and loosely coupled, but in practice, it is seldom like that. This point can be seen in this study. Most of the MDD projects were more cohesive and loosely coupled resulting in more reusable code compared to TDD. In TDD projects, it was seen that most of them had 2 or 3 classes at a maximum reducing cohesive nature and reusability. I observed that this is due to unpredictability of future user stories. MDD people can carefully plan the code such that it results in certain functions that can be used by other functions. In object oriented languages, correct amount of responsibilities and collaboration among objects in my opinion can be done more effectively if more designing is done. This is because it is much easier to see visually through the models. The reusability of the code in TDD also depends on the order of the user stories given. Most people reused day of the week code in shopping days till Christmas user story or Friday the 13th user story. Suppose that the user stories are given in a different order, then different approaches might be taken that might not result in the efficient piece of code. Refactoring tells you to remove duplications and keep the code clean, but the logic of the code will not change. In our case, if suppose number of shopping days left before Christmas was given before day of the week user story, then different approach might have been taken and the reusability of the day of the week code wouldnt have existed. It is easier to see collaborations and responsibilities of objects when the whole picture of the problem is present. Even the small amount of reusability that existed in TDD was due to the logical order in which the user stories were given. The time spent on the whole project for TDD is much less than MDD. Considering object oriented languages, TDD average time spent was 21 hours while MDD was 42 hours (almost double!!). TDD is proven to be faster and easier technique than MDD. In TDD, concentration is on current user story and it is faster to write test cases and code directly from user requirements. The time spent on test cases is paid off since no debugging has to be done at the end. Time and effort can be distributed and planned in advance in MDD. However, in TDD, since the amount of time and effort for the next user stories is hard to predict, it is difficult to plan. Some user stories take less amount of time while others consume lot of time. This can be seen in the case study. Most people said that finding zodiac sign took very less time and effort compared to finding the number of shopping days till Christmas . Pros and Cons of Using MDD approach From research and experience, these are some of the observations that were made on the MDD approach in general. A model in projects has following advantages It helps to break down the project into smaller code development pieces or modules which can be assigned to different teams. It helps each team to understand their role and how their part of the development is integrated into the whole product development The project managers and team leaders will understand on how to integrate all the modules and do testing. The end user will be able to visualize the integrated end product. If enough of time is spent in building a model properly, even though it takes time and effort, it will greatly reduce the time to build the product. A properly built model will also help in reducing the iterations of testing process, thus creating the integrations much quicker. There is also an economic advantage of building the models. A model will help to present a product to the investors easily and attract investments to fund the projects. Some disadvantages of using MDD approach The disadvantages of using MDD approach are not related to the approach itself, but rather it is related to the application of this approach. If MDD is not used properly, there will be extended delays in the product developments. Some of these possible setbacks are Building a Model will take lot of time and resources. MDD is not always â€Å"fit for all approach†. The project and product has to be analyzed before this approach is taken. Some people visualize a Model as an abstraction layer hiding all the complications of the product development process. Too much of abstraction may be good to certain audience in the project, but it over all defeats the purpose of building a model in the first place. So, care should be taken as not to ABSTRACT too much. If proper resources, such as, proper Domain experts are not involved while building a model, then the model as well as end product will be disastrous failure. MDD should not always be thought of the end point. Always underlying approach for each module should be associated with proper testing. Failure to consider the real life situations also causes the MDD unusable. The key to the whole process of Product development using MDD approach is having a proper liaison between Business group and IT group. Pros and Cons of Using TDD approach Some of the advantages of using TDD are: Since test cases are developed first, developer understands the requirements thoroughly in order to write them. The focus is on the functionality perspective of the client. TDD involves taking small steps at a time and focusing on one task at a time. Even though it consumes lot of time to write many unit test cases covering all possibilities, this makes it an advantage as it avoids debugging at later stages in the project. Finding bugs as early as possible is always beneficiary in terms of time and cost. Fixing bugs at a later stage is difficult because it is hard to determine what caused the bug. Since just enough code to pass the test is written, TDD will result in thorough testing covering all possible paths. If tests are written well, then it will produce stable code. Code is developed faster and there is working piece of code at every level, which inspires confidence and encourages the developer. Developer is aware of the progress made and can set goals to achieve a particular goal. TDD results in good design because of many factors. With experience, TDD can be a very effective method as it lets the developer think in small units of code leading to modularity and good design. This is also the result of looking at the problem from customers perspective to understand how it will be implemented. Refactoring also leads to producing good designs. Mocking and faking is beneficial in the sense that it will define the boundaries of the classes. This is because through mocking, you will find out what your classes should and should not know about the other class. This is the basic essence of encapsulation in any object oriented language. The test cases provide support for faster regression testing. On next iteration or anytime in future, when you add more tests, you can run all the tests to make sure that it works and if it doesnt, it is easy to see what part of the code broke. Some disadvantages with TDD approach are: TDD requires commitment and supporting management. Developers should be committed and write proper tests. If the tests are deleted or changed accidentally or purposefully, it will give false impression that the code is bugs-free. Support from management is important and they have to believe that this methodology works. If either of them does not exist, then TDD approach fails. Functional tests need to be done for programs that use a database or for creating user interfaces. For such things, using TDD approach is difficult. Tests and code are written by the same person most of the time and if the developer overlooks certain things, then it will affect the code as well and may not result in what is supposed to happen. If he interprets the requirements wrong, then the tests he writes and the code that implements them will turn out to be wrong and will lead to code that will not be as efficient as it should be. Another example would be if the developer doesnt check for certain specific inputs, then the code that needs to implement that will never be implemented. Having large number of working unit tests may build up over confidence that will lead to less concentrations on additional activities such as quality assurance evaluations. Unit tests only tell if the piece of code you wrote works. Other tests such as domain testing, integration testing, etc have to be done. Amount of coverage and details of testing that is done in TDD development cannot be reproduced at a later stage. So, these tests become an important aspect and it is necessary that they are well-written. There is no way to predict the type of user stories and it is not possible to gain a complete understanding of the system from the user stories. This leads to extensive code rewriting and refactoring. WHEN to use WHAT? This leads to the question of when is it appropriate to use TDD and when is it appropriate to use MDD. Software development is a process of developing a product to meet a certain business need. In a well defined environment and in large houses Software Development is done using the techniques described in Software Engineering and experience gained over the years. Many factors have to be taken into consideration when deciding on the methodology to use. These include things such as type of organization, management, type of project, experience of the developers, and availability of effective tools. Type of Project: Software development is done under two major circumstances 1. To develop altogether a new product a. A product that never existed before, but there is a need in the minds of people. A great example of this in recent years is ‘Youtube. There was no such product before, however, people had thought about having some kind of sharing videos. So, there is direc

Critique: the Scottsboro Boys – an American Tragedy

The Scottsboro Boys: An American Tragedy The author or producer of this documentary film was smart in setting the scene for the viewer. He showed scenes of the area and described the sounds of the train, gravel, and attempted to give the viewer a snapshot of the attitude of the inhabitants of Northern Alabama. This takes you from the comfy surroundings of your home, the accessibility to transportation to the hardships of the 1930’s and the dismal state of life for blacks, especially poor blacks. The theme of Scottsboro: An American Tragedy was that blacks were so hated that one well-placed lie destroyed the lives of nine young men.Only one of these boys lived long enough to have a family and to fight for a pardon. The judicial system of that time was so terribly flawed (not that it isn’t now) with racism and bigotry that when facts were presented they were not heard because they wanted the boys to be guilty. Clearing the Scottsboro Boys were not in the plan! The key pla yers were the Scottsboro Boys but historians, relatives of Judge Horton, citizens of the area, photos, video clips, and newspaper articles all came together to tell the historical story which spanned from the 1931 to 1976.This may have been the best way to tell the story since none of the Scottsboro Boys were still alive when this was filmed. Several men of Scottsboro were interviewed and it was interesting that they wished the incident had happened 30 miles away (Huntsville) so the stigma that is associated with their little town would belong to another town. Jokingly, they said then they would have been called the Huntsville Boys and that would have been fine with us.So from those statements, I believe that many of the town’s citizens are embarrassed of the notoriety this incident has placed upon their little town. One aspect, I found missing and would have liked to known more of the effect that the trials and imprisonment had on their families, especially their siblings an d mothers. I, however, was most intrigued with Judge Horton and the stand he finally took regarding the boys and the political fallout for him. The Scottsboro Boys case, how it began, handled, and ended is really scary to me.Now that I know more of the details, it reminds me of the recent execution of Troy Davis of Georgia. In several ways, the two cases are similar. The tragedy in the Davis case is that he did serve around 17 years and he did die for a crime that he may not have committed while the Scottsboro boys served time and were eventually freed and/or broke parole. Due to support given them by northerners, they were allowed to remain free as long as they stayed in the North. Ruby Bates recanted her accusations of rape and later helped the mothers fight for the sons’ release.Seven of the nine that testified against Troy Davis recanted but he exhausted all his appeals and was executed anyways against the number of organizations that protested against it. We can also go back a few months, to where a black woman was charged more time for jaywalking than the man that was driving drunk that hit her, her daughter, and killed her son. He was black but it since it was black on black crime, the young mother was treated as an example. In general, the judicial system is not a friend to the black American. This is 2011, isn’t it?Has anything really changed? Are we going backwards? This is supposed to be a different day. We have a black president which, in my opinion, has only given certain groups in our country to more openly exhibit their racism and bigotry. Since they cannot get to him, any black that runs afoul of the law become enemy number one just as the Scottsboro Boys were the enemy of the time back in 1931. This film was not entertaining to me at all but it was educational and eye-opening in that no matter how much we like to think that times have changed so much is still the same.I can see in many ways how far we have come but once you liste n to the news and see just what is going on around you, you can almost see the 1930’s again. That is why I used the word â€Å"scary† earlier in my critique to describe the Scottsboro Boys story. Concern about the future for the black community, myself, and more importantly, our children, has increased and we must become better informed about the world in which we live, the judicial system we must work within, and the consequences of it all.

Thomas Jefferson’s Vision of a Free Holding Yeoman Society

Thomas Jefferson is considered as one of the most influential personalities in the history of the US. Jefferson who was the third President of the United States is regarded as one of the most prominent figures in the US, is characteristically known for his ideological promotions of republicanism in his stint as the president. Some of the famous events that are associated with his presidency include the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition during the period between 1804 and 1806. Thomas Jefferson is also accredited for authoring the Declaration of Independence and since he was a philosophical thinker and politician, he idealized the concept of a free holding yeoman society which was a series of complex ideologies which emphasized various virtues. It was during the 18th century that a number of influential â€Å"poets, politicians and economists created in America a complex of ideas which has been called the Jeffersonian myth† (Hess, 1992). This concept generally emphasized various virtues with simplicity and purity leading and the principal dictated a variety of social choices. The Yeoman term generally refers to farmers who usually cultivate their own land. The yeoman thus can be considered as a small farmer who holds a piece of land. Since Jefferson hailed from this type of yeoman society, he had first class experience of the issues and challenges they faced and therefore in his presidency he decided to make amends so as to ensure that this class in the society was prosperous. This philosophy was coined in a time that could be considered appropriate for a country that was settled by â€Å"land hungry men† (Hess, 1992). Most English men were used to a social system in which the ownership of land was a symbol of a man’s stand in the society and the political power that he yielded. Thomas Jefferson and J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur came up with a philosophy that dictated the natural rights of any man to own land and that the ownership of land by any man obviously gives him a social status and dignity. The philosophy goes further to describe how mans interaction with nature â€Å"makes him virtuous and happy†. This philosophical thinking as Jefferson and his colleague tend to challenge the government is that it â€Å"should be dedicated to the interests of the freehold farmer† (Hess, 1992). This policies and principles held a lot of significance for Jefferson who is considered as the brains behind the western land policy. In Jefferson’s own words he described the small and self sufficient as â€Å"the chosen people of God† and thus asserted their importance if the new republic would have any chance to survive. Jefferson described the â€Å"virtuous yeoman† as the moral backbone that would lead the nation to greater heights and thus prosperity would be easily achievable (Hess, 1992). The issue of land was embedded deep in Jefferson’s heart and he believed that it was the core of an envisioned republic. Thomas Jefferson had a landscape vision that mainly depended on the unlimited expansion of most of the wilderness in the country and thus make it the peoples will to settle and subdue it for settlement and cultivation purposes. This vision was just a vision and its applicability mainly depended on the prudence of the government of that period in applying the â€Å"public land policies fairly and justly†. Jefferson held the belief in his heart that â€Å"land was the clay from which a free society would be molded and preserved† (Hess, 1992). However, one of the issues that he had to deal with was those of religion. Although religion was a predominant force during his government, it had failed to provide what Jefferson’s landscape vision promised to produce. Land in this era was considered to offer the much needed cohesion and was therefore viewed as an â€Å"icon of secular religion† (Hess, 1992). The success of Jefferson‘s policies and philosophical thinking are still evident today and the western range is the product of his landscape vision. The landscape vision which was envisioned in the â€Å"Jeffersonian agrarianism† was built on a firm foundation (Hess, 1992). This had the obvious effects of spilling its advantages in the years that were to follow and most of its effects are still visible today. The western range which was a harsh testament of nature in the state of a wilderness became a land that would become exceedingly abundant. However, the alteration of nature and its overuse can be considered as one of the negative aspects of his landscape vision. Various factors one of them being drought led to the overstocking of the ranges in a way that nature was almost strained beyond its holding capacity and thus became unforgiving with adverse effects. Collisions among farmers with diverse wants is also a major shortcomings but the experience that was gained from the harsh reactions of nature served to teach the inhabitants valuable lessons and thus take some measures into considerations during when setting future plans.

Federalism and How it Works

Federalism is the process by which two or more governments share powers over the same geographic area. It is the method used by most democracies in the world. While some countries give more power to the overall central government, others grant more power to the individual states or provinces. In the United States, the Constitution grants certain powers to both the U.S. government and the state governments. The Founding Fathers wanted more power for the individual states and less for the federal government, a practice that endured until World War II. That layer cake method of duel federalism was replaced when state and national governments entered a more cooperative marble cake approach called cooperative federalism. Since then, a new federalism initiated by presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan has returned some powers back to states through federal grants. 10th Amendment The powers granted to the state and federal governments are in the Constitutions 10 Amendment, which states, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.† Those simple 28 words establish three categories of powers which represent the essence of American federalism: Expressed or â€Å"Enumerated† Powers: Powers granted to the U.S. Congress mainly under Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution.Reserved Powers: Powers not granted to the federal government in the Constitution and thus reserved to the states.Concurrent Powers: Powers shared by the federal government and the states. For example, Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution  grants the U.S. Congress certain exclusive powers such as coining money, regulating interstate trade and commerce, declaring war, raising an army and navy and to establish laws of immigration. Under the 10th Amendment, powers not specifically listed in the Constitution, such as requiring drivers licenses and collecting property taxes, are among the many powers reserved to the states. The line between the powers of the U.S. government and those of the states is usually clear. Sometimes, it is not. Whenever a state governments exercise of power might be in conflict with the Constitution, there is a battle of â€Å"states rights† which must often be settled by the U.S. Supreme Court. When  there is a conflict between a state and a similar federal law, the federal law and powers supersede state laws and powers. Probably the greatest battle over states rights—segregation—took place during the 1960s civil rights struggle. Segregation: The Supreme Battle for States Rights In 1954, the Supreme Court in its landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision ruled that separate school facilities based on race are inherently unequal and thus in violation of the 14th Amendment which states, in part: No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. However, several states, predominantly in the South, chose to ignore the Supreme Court’s decision and continued the practice of racial segregation in schools and other public facilities. The states based their stance on the 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson. In this historic case, the Supreme Court, with only one dissenting vote, ruled that racial segregation was not in violation of the 14th Amendment if the separate facilities were substantially equal. In June of 1963, Alabama Gov. George Wallace stood in front of the doors of the University of Alabama preventing black students from entering and challenging the federal government to intervene. Later the same day, Wallace gave in to demands by Assistant Attorney Gen. Nicholas Katzenbach and the Alabama National Guard allowing black students Vivian Malone and Jimmy Hood to register. During the rest of 1963, federal courts ordered the integration of black students into public schools throughout the South. In spite of the court orders, and with only 2% of Southern black children attending formerly all-white schools, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorizing the U.S. Justice Department to initiate school desegregation suits was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. Reno v. Condon A less momentous, but perhaps more illustrative case of a constitutional battle of states rights went before the Supreme Court in November 1999, when Attorney General of the United States Janet Reno took on Attorney General of South Carolina Charlie Condon: The Founding Fathers can certainly be forgiven for forgetting to mention motor vehicles in the Constitution, but by doing so, they granted the power to require and issue drivers licenses to the states under the 10th Amendment. State departments of motor vehicles (DMV) typically require applicants for drivers licenses to provide personal information including name, address, telephone number, vehicle description, Social Security number, medical information, and a photograph. After learning that many state DMVs were selling this information to individuals and businesses, the U.S. Congress enacted the Drivers Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (DPPA), establishing a regulatory system restricting the states ability to disclose a drivers personal information without the drivers consent. In conflict with the DPPA, South Carolina laws allowed the States DMV to sell this personal information. Condon filed a suit on behalf of his state claiming that the DPPA violated the 10th and 11th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The district court ruled in favor of South Carolina, declaring the DPPA incompatible with the principles of federalism inherent in the Constitutions division of power between the states and the federal government. The district courts action essentially blocked the U.S. government’s power to enforce the DPPA in South Carolina. This ruling was further upheld by the Fourth District Court of Appeals. Reno appealed the decisions to the U.S. Supreme Court. On Jan. 12, 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of Reno v. Condon, ruled that the DPPA did not violate the Constitution due to the U.S. Congress power to regulate interstate commerce granted to it by Article I, Section 8, clause 3 of the Constitution. According to the Supreme Court, The motor vehicle information which the States have historically sold is used by insurers, manufacturers, direct marketers, and others engaged in interstate commerce to contact drivers with customized solicitations. The information is also used in the stream of interstate commerce by various public and private entities for matters related to interstate motoring. Because drivers personal, identifying information is, in this context, an article of commerce, its sale or release into the interstate stream of business is sufficient to support congressional regulation. So, the Supreme Court upheld the Drivers Privacy Protection Act of 1994, and the States cannot sell personal drivers license information without permission. Thats likely appreciated by the individual taxpayer. On the other hand, the revenue from those lost sales must be made up in taxes, which the taxpayer isnt likely to appreciate. But thats all part of how federalism works.